{"id":"focalization","title":"Focalization and narrative information","summary":"Select or restrict information available to readers according to the knowledge and experience of narrators or characters.","concepts":["Narration: who tells the story","Information scope: what is known and shown","Consistency: preserve or deliberately alter the work’s disclosure rules"],"application":"Use this concept to review viewpoint shifts, hidden information, inner experience or excessive explanation introduced in translation.","limitations":"Scholars distinguish the concepts differently. Grammatical person alone does not determine a type of focalization.","directions":["Restrict information: invite inference within a character’s knowledge.","Expand information: show relationships using information beyond the character."],"category":"Writing and publishing","kind":"theory","kind_label":"Theory","persona_ids":["novelist"],"revision":1,"updated_at":"2026-10-07T00:00:00.000Z","sources":[{"title":"Focalization","url":"https://www-archiv.fdm.uni-hamburg.de/lhn/node/18.html","publisher":"Burkhard Niederhoff · The Living Handbook of Narratology","edition":"Revised scholarly entry, 2013","region":"International reference; verify the application environment","checked_at":"2026-10-07","reuse":"Independent editorial summary and source link; the original text is not republished."}],"review":{"status":"source-checked-editorial","expert_reviewed":false},"editorial_note":"Editorial English translation of the Korean edition. No professional translation or occupational expert review has been completed. Translation does not change the source jurisdiction.","language":"en","translation":{"status":"current","source_language":"ko","source_version":"kb-c9a9d15a9dacfe12","translated_at":"2026-10-08","professional_reviewed":false},"trust":"reference-data","version":"kb-5ecaf2649c8dc4ac","links":{"document":"/en/knowledge/focalization","markdown":"/en/knowledge/focalization.md","api":"/api/v1/knowledge/focalization?lang=en"}}